Observation and assessment is not just about watching young children from a distance, but requires listening closely to their talk and reflecting on what it means, says Helen Bromley.

Recently I was working with a group of children in a school where the nursery and reception class share the same outdoor space. I had been asked to provide some activities related to superhero play and, as part of this, had put together a small collection of scientific toys with properties that could reflect the powers of superheroes. The toys were put in a tray outdoors. Children were free to access the toys and explore them. One of the toys was a large, soft, shaggy ball. When the ball is shaken it lights up, changing colours as it does so.

One of the nursery children, three years old, approached the collection of toys and chose the large ball, pressing it to his tummy, so that it expanded just like a balloon would when squeezed. He made the following statements, laughing as he did so:

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