In many cases children will be close by when their parents argue, scream or fight. Frequently they are in a nearby room and will hear the verbal abuse or blows being landed. Sometimes they get caught up in the violence or are forced to witness harrowing scenes that can leave them emotionally scarred. Many children get injured when they try to protect one of the adults, particularly a vulnerable mother who is pregnant. Cases of domestic violence often start at this stage, putting babies at risk even before they are born.
But help will usually focus just on the adults, while the child victims are left to cope as best they can; children are even excluded from the definition of domestic violence in England. This is why the NSPCC's latest campaign is highlighting the effects of domestic violence on children.
Children may start missing school. Young children can appear 'jumpy' or reluctant to discuss anything about their home life. They may be sleepy, because their nights have been disturbed by violent arguments, or appear scared to leave their mother's side. Telltale clues can also come from mothers who have unexplained bruises, which are at different stages of healing, or who are reluctant to make even the most minor decisions without consulting their partners.
Usually a pattern of worries builds into a picture that leaves professionals feeling concerned about a child. Childcare workers should try to keep detailed records of their concerns and speak to a trained professional for advice. Most health visitors and midwives receive training to spot the signs of a child at risk, but the NSPCC believes this should be extended to all care workers.
The NSPCC helpline is on 0808 800 500.